The initiative improved asthma control for many children and young people and highlighted the role of children's nurses in delivering interdisciplinary care, advocating for systemic change, and supporting vulnerable families. No quantitative effect estimates were reported.

Thirty-three participants (74.9 ± 7.7 years) completed the trial. Active filtration reduced bedroom PM2.5 (1.3 ± 1.5 vs 8.3 ± 12.8 µg/m3, p < 0.001) and 24-hour personal exposures (5.1 ± 4.6 vs 12.4 ± 15.6 µg/m3, p < 0.001) versus sham. Average home systolic BP did not differ between active and sham periods (127.0 ± 16.2 vs 126.5 ± 16.0 mm Hg, p = 0.59). Larger body mass index and higher baseline systolic BP, and older age combined with either, showed trends toward modifying benefit.

Building-detached PECS often improved thermal sensation, comfort, and acceptability, and combined systems yielded better ratings. Personalized ventilation enhanced indoor air quality by delivering clean air directly to the breathing zone, reducing contaminant exposure. Research on health effects was limited and mainly short-term and controlled, and evidence on human performance was sparse but promising. Inconsistent performance metrics, limited real-world evaluation, and potential publication bias toward positive results were identified as key challenges.

Heat-health impacts were the most common focus among included articles. Housing conditions that improved heat-health outcomes included air conditioning, ventilation, and window shading, and multifaceted housing adaptations were better supported than single fixes. Ventilation was a priority for improving indoor air quality, while inappropriate insulation and excessive air tightness increased indoor heat and reduced indoor air quality.

Between 1990 and 2021, age-standardized mortality and DALY rates for ischemic stroke attributed to air pollution declined in China, though more slowly among men than women and with a higher burden in elderly males. Epidemiological transitions, including improved healthcare and lifestyle changes, drove most of the reduction. Over the next 15 years, rates for women were projected to continue declining, while male mortality rates were projected to rise and male DALY rates to increase before stabilizing.

The review identified 96 bacterial and 61 fungal species, some endemic to HVAC systems or AC units and some occurring in both. Specific taxa such as Alternaria spp. and Cladosporium spp. in ventilation systems carried allergenic and pathogenic potential. Diverse microbes thrived in HVAC systems and required regular maintenance; cleaning reduced health risks and air purifiers cut bacterial contamination. Research gaps remained in moderate climates.

Small but significant mediating effects (2%-8% of relationships mediated) were observed between PM2.5abs exposure and dementia risk via reduced total brain volume, NOx and Alzheimer's disease risk via reduced peripheral cortical grey matter, PM2.5abs and vascular dementia risk via reduced peripheral cortical grey matter, PM2.5abs and other dementia risk via reduced total grey matter, and PM10 and other dementia risk via reduced total grey matter. Greenspace and noise were not associated with dementia outcomes in the brain imaging subset.

The study included 24,761 cases and 118,692 controls. Median (IQR) concentrations were 7.9 (1.3) μg/m3 for PM2.5, 9.6 (9.2) ppb for NO2, and 42.7 (5.4) ppb for O3. In individual pollutant models, epilepsy was significantly associated with PM2.5 (IRR = 1.055, 95% CI 1.034-1.076), NO2 (IRR = 0.938, 95% CI 0.903-0.974), and O3 (IRR = 1.096, 95% CI 1.074-1.119). In the multi-pollutant model, associations remained for NO2 (IRR = 0.928) and O3 (IRR = 1.090). The NO2 association was negative overall but positive among individuals 65 and older.

Heat wave and cold spell exposure were significantly associated with outpatient visits for respiratory disease among the elderly, with odds ratios of 1.10 (95% CI 1.06, 1.15) and 1.16 (95% CI 1.13, 1.20). A synergistic effect between cold spell and PM2.5 was observed, particularly among females and those aged 80 and older. Combined exposure to cold spell and elevated PM2.5 contributed up to 0.18 (95% CI 0.17, 0.27) of respiratory outpatient visits.

A total of 248 VTE events accrued over a median follow-up of 16.7 years. After adjustment for baseline demographics, health behaviors, and body mass index, the hazard ratio for incident VTE was 1.39 (1.04-1.86) per 3.6 μg/m3 higher PM2.5, 2.74 (1.57-4.77) per 13.3 ppb higher NO2, and 2.21 (1.42-3.44) per 30 ppb higher NOx. O3 was not related.

Heatwaves were consistently associated with increased ED admissions, including orthopaedic trauma and exacerbations of chronic illnesses, and with increased ambulance demand mainly for trauma. Cold waves were linked primarily to respiratory and cardiovascular presentations, often with delayed effects, and raised ED visits for fall injuries. Air pollution and urban heat worsened temperature-related risks. Older adults, those with pre-existing conditions, and socioeconomically disadvantaged populations faced disproportionately severe consequences.

Among 60 healthy subjects, residents of high-traffic-congested areas were exposed to higher concentrations of PM2.5 (1.66-fold, p < 0.01), ultrafine particles (1.79-fold, p < 0.01), PM2.5-PAHs (1.50-fold, p < 0.01), and UFP-PAHs (1.35-fold, p < 0.05) than those in low-traffic areas. The high-traffic group had significantly increased BPDE-DNA adducts (1.40-fold, p < 0.05), telomere shortening (1.24-fold, p < 0.05), and lower mtDNA copy number (1.38-fold, p < 0.05) in exhaled breath condensate. In vitro treatment of BEAS-2B cells reproduced these findings, mediated in part by decreased hTERT and SIRT1 transcript levels.

Across 3,933 observations (CBSA × year combinations) encompassing approximately 4 billion visits, median CRS outpatient visits were 164 (IQR 110-267). Mean PM2.5 was 8.9 µg/m3 (SD 2.6) and mean PM10 was 20.2 µg/m3 (SD 7.2). Adjusting for patient demographics and respiratory comorbidities, each µg/m3 rise in PM2.5 independently predicted a 10% increase in CRS outpatient visits (aIRR 1.10, 95% CI 1.08-1.13) and each µg/m3 rise in PM10 predicted a 3% increase (aIRR 1.03, 95% CI 1.02-1.04).

Summer urban heat island (UHI) intensity was significantly associated with elevated risks of psychiatric disorders. Hazard ratios per standard deviation of UHI intensity were 1.04 (95% CI 1.03-1.05) for mental disorders, 1.12 (1.11-1.14) for substance use disorder, 1.08 (1.06-1.10) for depressive disorder, and 1.06 (1.04-1.08) for anxiety disorder. Females and individuals with hypertension or coronary artery disease were more vulnerable. Detrimental effects on psychiatric symptoms and white matter microstructure were also observed.

Among 9,902 adults aged 65 and older, three ventilation classes were identified: Moderate with Summer-Selective Ventilation (11.2%), Strong Year-Round Ventilation (70.3%), and Minimal Ventilation (18.7%). Older adults with Strong Year-Round Ventilation (OR 1.16, p < 0.01) and Moderate with Summer-Selective Ventilation (OR 1.19, p < 0.05) had significantly better sleep quality. Adults with Strong Year-Round Ventilation slept 0.30 hours longer per day (p < 0.001), and urban older adults with Moderate with Summer-Selective Ventilation slept 0.46 hours longer (p < 0.01).

The review synthesised findings on PM origin, including traffic, industrial emissions, construction activities, and natural processes such as wildfires and volcanic eruptions. It identified relationships between particle size and chemical composition, and reported respiratory and cardiovascular health effects of PM exposure.

In the surveillance study, increased asthma morbidity was associated with current smoking, lack of bathroom or kitchen ventilation, and absence of air purifier use, while homes without mold, rodents, or furry pets showed protective associations. In the intervention study, indoor PM2.5 fell significantly after installation, alongside improvements in asthma control and quality of life.

Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. All found a statistically significant increase in atopic dermatitis in some subgroups, though not all found significance in the general population. Outcomes measured included clinic and hospital visits and worsening AD symptoms. Males, children, and the elderly were the most affected subgroups in most studies.

Pollution significantly increased the risk of upper and lower respiratory tract infections in children, with infants and young children most vulnerable. Proposed mechanisms included oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, immune deregulation, and genetic alterations. Prenatal exposure altered respiratory tract development and increased risk of lower respiratory tract infection and acute otitis media early in life, while postnatal exposure caused severe and recurrent infections leading to frequent hospitalisations. Available data did not permit precise definition of the magnitude of risk or the role of specific pollutants.

Each unit increase in indoor formaldehyde (HCHO) exposure raised OSA risk 1.02-fold (1.00-1.02) in men, after controlling for socioeconomic and behavioural factors, other common indoor pollutants (CO2, PM2.5, toluene), and outdoor PM2.5. No significant association was found in women.

Urinary DHBMA, HPMMA, and ATCA were significantly positively associated with risk of angina and coronary heart disease across all three models. The strongest associations appeared among normal-weight adults, moderately active individuals, both low- and high-income groups, and current drinkers. Monocyte-related pathways mediated 13.1%-112.4% of these associations, and transcriptomic profiling showed enrichment of NF-κB and AGE-RAGE signaling.

Participants with intermediate indoor ventilation frequency (OR 0.805; 95% CI 0.669-0.969) and high frequency (OR 0.818; 95% CI 0.684-0.979) were 19.5% and 18.2% less likely to have low muscle mass than those with low frequency. In spring, the probability of low muscle mass was 25.3% and 23.3% lower in the middle- and high-frequency groups. Associations remained significant across demographic, behavioural, and comorbidity subgroups.

Eighteen patients participated (median age 64 years, 66.7% female). Median PM2.5 decreased from 4.6 to 1.4 μg/m3 after air purifier use (p = 0.00042) and FEV1 increased from 2.0 to 2.1 L (p = 0.041), a median change of 40 mL. Patients whose FEV1 improved had a higher frequency of allergen sensitization than those without improvement (75.0% vs 16.7%, p = 0.019).

Natural gas stove combustion yielded a HONO/NOx ratio of 5.8 ± 1.5% and a HONO/NG emission factor of 55.6 ± 13.8 mg m⁻³. A few minutes of cooking elevated HONO above 100 ppb and NOx above 1000 ppb. Estimated 2023 Kunming HONO emissions were 17.9 ± 4.4 tons, with urban intensities comparable to traffic sources. Among mitigation measures, alkaline cleaning reduced HONO 30-60%, induction cookers 100%, and range hoods over 90%.

All exposure groups showed increased inflammatory cells and cytokines in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid, with histological lung injury including inflammatory cell infiltration and mucous cell hyperplasia. The human-equivalent threshold derived from the mouse benchmark dose 10 indicated that humans may be exposed to indoor fungi at levels capable of causing disease-associated inflammatory lung injury.

Temperature significantly affected task accuracy while TVOC levels did not, and neither affected reaction speed. No interaction between temperature and TVOC was found. Within-group tests showed significant accuracy losses in six of ten tasks at 28 °C under 1000 μg/m3 TVOC, with average task error increasing 5.2%. Higher temperatures worsened perceived air quality, and eye irritation and fatigue developed during exposure.

PBMCs from patients with HD-CFS showed significantly increased mitochondrial abnormalities. In mice, PHMG-p exposure caused mitochondrial abnormalities, decreased OXPHOS complex expression, and downregulated genes related to mitochondrial membrane potential. Neurological assessment revealed glymphatic dysfunction, blood-brain barrier disruption, and reduced OXPHOS complex expression in the hypothalamus.

PHMG-p exposure exacerbated dry eye disease symptoms, significantly reducing tear volume, shortening tear break-up time, and increasing corneal damage relative to controls. Metabolomic profiling identified altered glutamate, glycine, citrate, and succinate metabolism, which correlated with increased IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in corneal and lacrimal gland tissues.

PM2.5 was the dominant indoor air pollutant, and targeting PM2.5 maximized the reduction in disease burden. Scenario P1 (1-5 μg/m3 threshold) reduced annual average concentrations across six pollutants by 84.5% and associated disease burdens by 36.7%, and holding indoor PM2.5 below 5 μg/m3 avoided 166.2 thousand DALYs. The most cost-effective scenario for Beijing, P4 + B1, avoided 108.9 thousand DALYs, a rate of 873.4 per 100,000.

Twenty-nine subjects (mean age 65.83 ± 6.4 years) were analysed. Baseline PM2.5 was in the hazardous category (440.38 ± 44.3 μg/m3), fell to 131.0 ± 19.2 μg/m3 with active filtration, and returned to 414.2 ± 32.2 μg/m3 during sham use. Systolic blood pressure dropped after installation (p < 0.001) while diastolic fell non-significantly (p = 0.14). CRP, 8-oxo-DG, and pulse wave velocity followed the same pattern (p < 0.001).

Lung function (FVC, FEV1, FEF25-75) in 617 Chinese school children trended inversely with ambient air pollution near schools, and was worst among children exposed to both high pollutant concentrations and secondhand smoke. Vanadium concentration in classroom dust from 11 Vilnius primary schools correlated significantly with annual incidence of physician-diagnosed acute upper respiratory infections. Reported impacts on children included reduced lung function, asthma, respiratory infections, neurodevelopmental disorders, behavioural issues, and increased obesity risk.

Air cleaner operation reduced average TVOC concentrations by 52.9% and the PM2.5 indoor/outdoor ratio by 24.8%, and reduced fungal richness and diversity by 25.8% and 8.2%. Microbial levels were otherwise generally unaffected. Pupils reported small reductions in upper and lower respiratory and other symptoms during operation (4.7-7.5%), but similar reductions occurred during sham operation (6.1-8.7%), indicating a likely placebo effect.

HEPA filtration achieved 2-5 log10 reductions in viral aerosols, clearing over 99.97% of SARS-CoV-2 after seven air volumes. HVAC-HEPA combinations delivering 6-12 air changes per hour reduced infection risk by 40-90%, outperforming standard ventilation. Real-world deployments lowered healthcare-associated infections and bioaerosols by 70-90% in ICUs and wards.

TVOC and SO2 fell significantly after the PCO intervention, but FVC% and FEV3% also declined significantly and FeNO rose after 13 days. PCO plus filters significantly reduced PM1, PM2.5, PM4, PM10, total suspended particulates, ultrafine particles, airborne bacteria, fungi, endotoxin, mites, TVOC, NO2, and SO2, with a marginal reduction in carbon monoxide. Indoor carbon dioxide increased significantly under both interventions. FVC% and FEV1% increased marginally 7 days after PCO plus filters.

Each 1-µg/m3 increase in annual PM2.5 was positively associated with all five mortality outcomes: all nonaccidental (1.08%; 95% CI 0.96%, 1.20%), all CVD (1.27%; 95% CI 1.14%, 1.41%), myocardial infarction (1.89%; 95% CI 1.67%, 2.11%), stroke (1.08%; 95% CI 0.87%, 1.30%), and congestive heart failure (2.20%; 95% CI 1.97%, 2.44%). Associations persisted below 8 µg/m3 and among populations under 65. Race modified associations but education did not; highly educated Black residents had a 2.90% larger increase in CVD mortality risk (95% CI 2.42%, 3.39%) than less educated non-Black residents.

Indoor environmental quality exceedances were significantly associated with increased risk of reported health symptoms. Indoor temperature exceedance was linked to a 2.56-fold increase in throat and cough symptoms (OR = 2.56, p = 0.038) and elevated relative humidity to a 2.27-fold increase in fatigue and cognitive decline (OR = 2.27, p = 0.051). PM2.5 exceedance showed the strongest associations, increasing odds of respiratory symptoms 11.41-fold, throat irritation and coughing 18.29-fold, and eye and skin irritation 4.52-fold (all p < 0.001).